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The ecological urbanism project draws from ecology to inspire an urbanism that is more socially inclusive and sensitive to the environment, as well as less ideologically driven, than green urbanism or sustainable urbanism. In many ways, ecological urbanism is an evolution of, and a critique of, Landscape Urbanism arguing for a more holistic approach to the design and management of cities. The term appeared first in 1998 as "EcoUrbanism" in a book by Architect and Planner Miguel Ruano,〔Eco-Urbanism: Sustainable Human Settlements, 60 Case Studies – Gustavo Gili, 1998 - 192 pages | http://www.abebooks.com/9788425217234/Eco-Urbanism-Sustainable-Human-Settlements-Case-8425217237/plp〕 who defined it as "the development of multi-dimensional sustainable human communities within harmonious and balanced built environments". The term was used later in April 2003 at a conference at the University of Oregon,〔http://pages.uoregon.edu/hopes/oldhopes/conf03/emailposter.pdf〕 and again in 2006 in a paper by Jeffrey Hou. The phrase was used by Mohsen Mostafavi in 2007 in ''Intervention Architecture''〔 and in a lecture at the Canadian Centre for Architecture, ecological urbanism as a project was largely started at Harvard University Graduate School of Design, with a conference, and exhibition, and book.〔 Arguing for a "new ethics and aesthetics of the urban," the 656-page ''Ecological Urbanism'' book, edited by Mohsen Mostafavi with Gareth Doherty, was published in May 2010 by Lars Müller Publishers (ISBN 978-3-03778-189-0). The book follows the conference,〔 and exhibition, held at the GSD in 2009.〔()〕 The book has a long list of contributors, including Rem Koolhaas, Homi K. Bhabha, Mitchell Joachim, Andrea Branzi, and about 130 others. A blog during the conference is part of the book.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=GSD:ecologicalurbanism )〕 According to (''Architecture Today'' ), the book is "one of the few books that recognises and articulates how, if this systems-based approach is to be successful, it needs to design, integrate and express complex systems and social processes in ways that are fundamentally humane."〔 The book has been reviewed and cited in many publications, including (Magazine'' ),〔 (''The Journal of Landscape Architecture'' ),〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=JoLA | Issue 11 | Spring 2011 )〕 and (Cities magazine ). Events and discussions on the book have been held at the 2010 Venice Biennale,〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Anticipate? | Abitare )〕 the Storefront for Art and Architecture in New York, and at the Van Alen Institute in New York.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Van Alen Institute – Events – Ecological Urbanism and Green Gone Wrong: An Exchange )〕 In his introduction to the ''Ecological Urbanism'', "Why Ecological Urbanism? Why Now?", extracted in (''Topos: The International Review of Landscape Architecture and Urban Design'' ), Mostafavi asks: "Increased numbers of people and cities go hand in hand with a greater exploitation of the world’s limited resources. Every year, more cities are feeling the devastating impacts of this situation. What are we to do? What means do we have as designers to address this challenging reality?〔https://www.topos.de/Previous-issue/detail-991.html〕 Jeb Brugmann in his book ''Welcome to the Urban Revolution: How Cities Are Changing the World'' (Bloomsbury Press, 2009) says we need to become "masters of a stable, just, and ecological urbanism." For Brugmann, "The first step towards ecological urbanism is increasing the energy and nutrient productivity within the city, but the only way to move sufficiently from extractive mode to a sustainable productive mode is to think, design, and develop at the scale of the City." There have been a number of recent conferences and lectures on the project of ecological urbanism, including: The New Aesthetics and Ecological Urbanism at Peking University in October 2010,〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Alice Rawsthorn )〕 New Zealand Institute of Landscape Architects Spring Lecture Series: Ecological Urbanism: A Prospectus for the Super City, in October 2010. The University of Washington’s urban initiative included a seminar on Now Urbanism and talks "on Ecological Urbanism, Ecological Design for Healthy Cities, Networked Urbanism, and America’s War on Immigrants.” Eco-Urbanism: towards sustainable city living, was hosted by Nottingham University at the Shanghai Expo in August 2010.〔http://www.nottingham.ac.uk/.../eco-urbanismprogramme.doc〕 In addition to courses at the GSD in 2008〔http://www.gsd.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/courses/details.cgi?section_id=10874&term=f2008〕 and 2011,〔http://www.gsd.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/courses/details.cgi?section_id=12383&term=s2011〕 there have been courses on ecological urbanism at the Bergen School of Architecture,〔 Oslo School of Architecture and Design,〔 and Yale University.〔 It is on numerous course syllabi, including Advanced Design Theories 2010 at Florida International University.〔()〕 Arizona State University expanded on the subject with a lecture by Charles Anderson, ASLA.〔Charles Morris Anderson〕 Anderson stated that "ecology is concerned with the relationships between all organisms and the environment. Together and coupled with aesthetic and expressionist design principles, they form the foundation for urban design." ==Criticism of Ecological Urbanism== Ecological urbanism has been criticized as an idea that is loosely defined from a set of flashy projects. These are expensive schemes with a commercial and esthetic purpose that satisfy a local or regional ambition to invest in ecology or sustainability without posing a more globally applicable approach. A true merger of landscape architecture with the field of Urban Ecology lacks. From this criticism Frederick Steiner introduced landscape ecological urbanism as an approach that can include the field of urban ecology and Wybe Kuitert has shown how such integrative planning and management of the city should rely on analysis.〔Steiner, F. R. (2011), Landscape Ecological Urbanism: Origins and Trajectories, ''Landscape and Urban Planning'' 100: 333-337 and Wybe Kuitert (2013): Urban landscape systems understood by geo-history map overlay, ''Journal of Landscape Architecture'' 8:1, 54-63 http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/18626033.2013.798929〕 Discerning the potential quality of wild nature in the city is a first step to see how new urban ecology might be developed. Potential vegetation maps for a city are the tool to this end.〔Kuitert 2013 The Nature of Urban Seoul: Potential Vegetation Derived from the Soil Map ''International Journal of Urban Sciences''. 17, 1: 95-108 http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/12265934.2013.766505〕 Ecological Urbanism is explained as a successor to Landscape Urbanism without the difference between the two approaches, and the terms used in the new approach, being defined. Jason King sees it as an inadequately explained addition to a list of 61 other 'Fill-in-the-blank Urbanisms'.〔http://landscapeandurbanism.blogspot.co.uk/2010/05/ecological-urbanism-introduction-part-2.html〕 Tom Turner welcomes landscape and ecological urbanism as 'the most significant contributions to landscape design theory since the landscape architecture profession was launched in the mid-nineteenth century' but is 'unpersuaded by the change of name' 〔http://www.gardenvisit.com/blog/2014/01/02/landscape-ecological-urbanism/〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Ecological urbanism」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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